<div align="justify"><strong class="headmain-orange">Hybrid Seeds</strong><br />
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                        <p><strong>Introduction</strong><br />
                        According Seed Association of India the  yield from 6 to 8 kgs of hybrid seeds will be equivalent to that of 20  to 30 kgs of conventional seeds, which are currently being used by  farmers for fair average quality (FAQ) variety in one acre of land. And  apparently India can produce a whopping 25 million tons of additional  rice a year by using hybrid seeds in a big way as per the estimates of  the seed industry experts. However for optimum yield, the hybrid seed,  if once used, cannot be kept as a seed from its harvest, which is done  in conventional system. So, farmers must buy such seeds every year.</p>
                        <p><strong>What are Hybrid Seeds?</strong><br />
                        In the agricultural and the gardening  sector, hybrid seeds are a variety of seeds which are created by </p>
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                        <div align="justify">simulated  cross-pollination of plants. Hybrid seeds are produced from naturally  out-breeding crops, from which inbred lines are produced by repeated  self-pollination. The established inbred lines are crossed to produce  first generations (F1) hybrid seeds. The hybrid seeds are prized because  they produce uniform plants benefiting from the effect called heterosis  (hybrid vigor). Heterosis can result in a large increase in yield over  the inbred lines or comparable lines that are out-crossing. The precise  basis of heterosis is still unclear, but epistasis and over-dominance  are thought to be involved. Epistasis is the interaction between  different genes, and over-dominance is a condition where the  heterozygotes (genes represented by two different versions) are superior  to either homozygotes (gene represented by the same versions). The F1  hybrid seed is heterozygous in many genes.</div>
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            <p align="justify"><strong>Why use Hybrid Seeds?</strong><br />
            The hybrid kind has been developed in order to  further enhance the attributes of the emerging crossbreed plant. These  are meant to be suffused with such features as the following;-</p>
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                <li>Better Yield</li>
                <li>Greater Uniformity</li>
                <li>Improved Color</li>
                <li>Disease Resistance.</li>
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            <div align="justify">Presently, use of  hybrid seeds are intensively prevalent both in commercial agriculture  as well as in horticulture and hence are widely regarded as having  played a determinant-ale role in augmenting the agricultural output  during the later half of 20th century and thereby has contributed  significantly to the international food security measures.</div>
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                        <p align="justify"><strong>A Brief History</strong><br />
                        Hybrid seed began with maize in the 1920s, and  became extended to vegetables and flowers; and more recently, rice and  some forage crops.</p>
                        <p align="justify"><strong>Extensive Use of Cotton Hybrid Seeds</strong><br />
                        India is the first country to introduce  hybrid cottonseeds for commercial cultivation. The public sector in  India has played a crucial in developing and propagating the use of  hybrids seeds. The world first cotton hybrid H4 was introduced in 1970  by the government Cotton Research Station situated at Surat in the state  of Gujarat. This hybrid cotton by virtue of its high yield potential  and adaptability became</p>
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            <p>popular among the farmers initially in Gujarat and later on in states of Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka and Tamilnadu.</p>
            <p>State Seed Corporations produce and market only  public hybrids. The hybrids developed by public sector agencies are  registered and notified to enable certification by State Seed  Certification Agencies. Private seed companies produce and market both  public bred hybrids as well as hybrids developed by them. The foundation  seeds of public hybrids are made available by the government for any  one (both public and private seed companies) who wants to multiply them  and market to the farmers. In contrast, the proprietary or research  hybrids are developed by private companies themselves and they alone  will have patent rights over production and marketing of that seed.</p>
            <p><strong>Successful and Popular Hybrid Seeds</strong></p>
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                <li>Hybrid Watermelons</li>
                <li>Cotton</li>
                <li>Cabbage hybrid namely Sungro 97 (Aditya)</li>
                <li>VHC3 Hybrid Coconut</li>
                <li>Golden Rice</li>
                <li>Salt-tolerant rice varieties for Island areas</li>
                <li>Sorghum Hybrid for Rabi</li>
                <li>Maize - &lsquo;Pusa early hybrid Makka1&rsquo; and &lsquo;Pusa early hybrid Makka2&rsquo;</li>
                <li>TNCSH 1 Sunflower Hybrid</li>
                <li>PAC 401 HYOLA Hybrid Gobi Sarson</li>
                <li>&quot;Shree&quot; Ganesh Tur</li>
                <li>Vamban 3 blackgram :Blackgram variety</li>
                <li>Tomato variety : Pusa Hybrid 4</li>
                <li>&lsquo;Pusa-Broccoli KTS 1&rsquo;</li>
                <li>Hybrid Castor</li>
                <li>Palak `Pusa Bharati&rsquo; Indian Spinach</li>
                <li>'Arka Abir&rsquo; Paprika Chilly.</li>
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